SOME IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT SOCIOLOGY:

• ·         A totem acquired significance because of social acceptance.
• ·         According to Durkheim the nature of solidarity of a society can be indicated by the nature of economy.
• ·         According to Malinowski elements of institutions included personnel, charter and norms.
• ·         Bernstein distinguished two patterns of speech naming them elaborated and restricted codes.
• ·         Boas hold that there is not the slightest scientific proof that race determines mentality but there is overwhelming evidence that mentality is influenced by traditional culture.
• ·         Brown gave the concepts of external and internal systems.
• ·         Brown held that functionalism represented a triple alliance between theory, method and practice.
• ·         Brown was associated with the concept of Interaction process analysis.
• ·         Burgess classified societies according to their volume and density.
• ·         C.Wright Mills advocated the inverse deductive method in sociology.
• ·         Comte saw society as a social organism possessing a harmony of structure and function.
• ·         Durkheim for the first time used the concept of social structure in sociology.
• ·         Durkheim pioneered the method of multivariate analysis in sociology.
• ·         Lundberg codified cultural items into universal, alternatives and specialties.
• ·         Maclver characterized caste as a closed status group.
• ·         Marx and Althusser put forward the materialistic variant of the evolutionary theory.
• ·         Max Weber defined sociology as a branch of study attempting the interpretative understanding of social action.
• ·         Merton believed that a political ideology as communism could provide a functional alternative to religion.
• ·         Mores is to the folk society what law is to the modern society.
• ·         Morphology refers to the objective, scientific study of society for the purpose of pure knowledge and theoretical advancement.
• ·         Parsons argued that societies developed from organizational forms where relationship was based on status to those based upon contract
• ·         Promordial collectivities are another name given to ethnic group.
• ·         Simon distinguished between three stages of mental activity- the conjectural, miconjectural and the positive.
• ·         Sociology is confined to the study of forms of social relationship in their abstract forms is held by Idealistic school.
• ·         Sumner has divided sociology into systematic and general sociology and historical sociology.
• ·         T.Stuart Chapin was a pioneer in measurement of attitude.
• ·         The orientation that emphasizes individual choice and decision-making in determining behaviour is called altruism.
• ·         The phase psychic unity of mankind is associated with evolutionism.
• ·         The superorganic view of culture has given by Darwin.
• ·         The tendency of the person to reject the culture of his own group is called lenocentrism.
• ·         The term group dynamics refers to adjustive changes in small groups.
• ·         The theory of relationship was propounded by Won Weise.
• ·         Thurston scale is type of attitude scale.
• ·         Thurstone,Likert and Guttman were associated with sampling procedures.
• ·         To Durkheim altruistic type of suicide is characterized in modern societies.
• ·         To Robert Merton dysfunction is an activity that lessens the adoption or adjustment of the unit to its getting.

INMORTANT CONCEPTS OF SOCIOLOGY:

• Affluent worker - Goldthorpe, Lockwood
• Alienation- Hegal, Marx
• Anomie - Durkheim used it suicide and later developed by Merton
• Anticipatory socialization- Merton
• Asymmetric society- James S Coleman
• Atomistic family- Zimmerman
• Bureaucracy- Weber explained it as ideal type
• Citizenship - T.H Marshall
• Classificatory and descriptive system- Morgan
• Concentric zone theory- Burgess
• Conspicuous consumption- Thorstein Veblen
• Conurbation- Patrick Geddes
• Cross cousin- Taylor
• Cultural lag - Ogburn
• Cultural reproduction- Bourdieu
• Dialectical materialism- Hegel and later Marx
• Differential worker- LockwoodDeschooling society- Illich
• Division of Labour- used by Adam Smith later developed by Durkheim
• Dysfunction and function- Merton
• Emergent properties - Talcott Parsons
• Ethnology - J.S Mill
• Ethnomethodolgy - Schutz and Harold Garfinkel
• Folkways - Sumner
• Frankfurt school - Adorno
• Grand theory- C.W Mills
• Hermeneutics - W Dilthey, Later Mannheim Gouldner and Schultz
• Ideal Type- Max Weber
• Internal colonialism- Gramsci,Lenin
• Labeling theory- E Lemart later discussed by Becker
• Leisure class- Veblen
• Little tradition - Robert Redfield
• Marginal Man- Park
• Nuclear Family- Murdock
• Organizational man - Whyte
• Oriental despotism- Karl Wittfogel
• Pattern variables- Talcott Parsons and Shills
• Positivism- Auguste Comte
• Post Industrial society- David Bell
• Rationality- Max Weber
• Reciprocity - Mauss
• Relative deprivation- Stouffe in "American soldier" ,later developed by Merton
• Role distance- Goffman
• Sib - Murdock
• Social circle- Zenienki
• Social Darwinism - Charles Darwin
• Social distance- Bogardus
• Sociology- Auguste Comte
• Sociometry- Moreno
• Sponsored mobility- Turner
• Status inconsistency- Lenski
• Styles of life - Robert Redfield
• Teknonymy- Taylor
• Total institution - Erving Goffman
• Utilitarianism - Bentham and Mill
• Verstehen -Max Weber

SOME SOCIOLOGICAL TERMS AND THEORISTS:

• Achieved and Ascribed role- Linton
• Animatism- Marett
• Animism- Tylor
• Anomie- Durkheim, Merton
• Barbarism- Morgan
• Cultural lag- Ogburn
• Cultural Relativism- Herskovitz
• Cultural reproduction- Bourdien
• Culturalization - Kluckhon
• Differential Association Theory- Sutherland
• Essentialism- Karl Popper
• Ethnocentrism-Sumner
• Ethnology- J.S Mill
• Ethos- Kroeber
• Eugenics- Francis Galton, Karl Pearson
• Gesselschaft and Gemeinschaft- Earl Bell
• Marginal Man- Adorno
• Membership& Non- membership group- Merton
• Patterns of culture- Ruth Benedict
• Positive and Negative Group- Newscomb
• Primary and Secondary deviance- Lemert
• Primary and Secondary group- Coole
• Quasi Group- Ginsberg
• Relative Deprivation- Stouffer, Merton
• Role Distance- Goffmann
• Roleset- Merton
• Social Character- Eric Fromm
• Social distance- Bogardus
• Social Fact- Durkheim
• Social Position- A.R.Brown
• Societal System- A.G Keller
• Sociography- F.Tonnies Sociometry- J.L Moreno
• Spiralist- Bell
• Status sequence- Merton
• Status Set- Merton
• Status situation- Lockwood
• Status Symbol- Pack and Bourdien
• Structuralism- Levi Strauss
• Structuration- Anthony Giddens
• Theory of Moral development- Piaget

SOME BOOKS WITH AUTHORS:

An essay on liberation - Herbert Marcuse  Ancient Society - Morgan Authoritarian personality - Adorno Bureaucratic structure and personality- Merton Cities in Evolution - Patric Geddes Citizenship and social class - Thomas H Marshall Class conflict in industrial society - Dahrendorf Class in modern society- Bottomore Coming of Age in Samoa - Margaret Mead Community: A sociological study- Maclver Configuration of culture growth- Kroeber Cultural patterns and technical change- Margaret   Mead Culture and Ecology - Lowie Democracy in America - Tocquerville Dialectics of nature- Engels Elements of social organization - R Firth Equality- R.H Tawney Eros and Civilization - Herbert Marcuse Exchange and Power in social life - Peter Blay Folk culture of Yucatan - Robert Redfield History of human marriage - Westermarck Leviathan - Thomas Hobbes Madness and civilization - Foucault Middle Class Families - C.Bell Mind,Self and society- Mead Modernization :Protest and Change - Eisenstadat  S.N One dimensional man- Herbert Marcuse Patterns of Culture - Ruth Benedict Peasant society and culture - Robert Redfield Phenomenology of Mind - Hegel Phenomenology of social work- Alfred Schutz Philosophy of History - Hegel Philosophy of Right - Hegel Plan of the scientific works necessary for the reorganization of society - St Simon with Comte Primitive Culture - Tylor Primitive society- Lowie Principle of population - Malthus Protestant Ethic and Modernization: A Comparative View- Eisenstadat S.N(Edited) Rise of Mentocracy - M Young Significance and limits of category of social role - Dahrendorf Social Change - W.F Ogburn Social Change - Wilbert Moore Social processes - C.H Cooley Social research- George Lundberg Society and knowledge -Garden Child Soviet Marxism- Herbert Marcuse Structure of science- Nagel Studies in Ethnomethodology- Harold Garfinkel System of logic- J.S Mill The acquisitive society- R.H Tawney The anatomy of work - George Friedmann The birth of a prison- Foucault The birth of the clinic - Foucault The Chrysanthemum and the sword- Ruth Benedict The city- R.E Park The Coming of Post industrial society- Daniel Bell The cultural contradictions of capitalism- Daniel Bell The dynamics of bureaucracy- Peter Blay The End of Ideology - Daniel Bell The folk culture of Yucatan - Robert Redfield The Function of social conflict - L.A Coser The future of an illusion- Freud The human group -Homans The little community and peasant society- Robert Redfield The new man of power - C.W Mills The social construction of reality - Berger and Luckman The social life of modern community- Kingsley Davis The sociological imagination - C Wright Mills The sociology of economic life - Smelsor The sociology of modernization and development - David Harrison White Collar - C Wright Mills

SOME PHYSICAL CONSTANTS:

 

 

Planck constant h

6.6260755·10^-34 J·s

h / (2 ) = 1.05457266·10^-34 J·s

 

Boltzmann constant k_B

1.380658·10^-23 J/K        ( = 8.617385·10^-5 eV/K )

 

Elementary charge e

1.60217733·10^-19 C

 

Avogadro number N_A

6.0221367·10²³ particles/mol

 

Speed of light c

2.99792458·10⁸ m/s

 

Permeability of vacuum ₀

₀ = 4 ·10^-7 T²·m³/J

12.566370614·10^-7 T²·m³/J

 

Permittivity of vacuum ₀

₀ = 1 / (₀ c²)

8.854187817·10^-12 C²/J·m

 

Fine structure constant

1 / 137.0359895

 

Electron rest mass m_e

9.1093897·10^-31 kg

 

Proton rest mass m_p

1.6726231·10^-27 kg

 

Neutron rest mass m_n

1.6749286·10^-27 kg

 

Bohr magneton _B

_B = e h / (4 m_e)

9.2740154·10^-24 J/T

 

Nuclear magneton _N

_N = e h / (4 m_p)

5.0507866·10^-27 J/T

 

Free electron g factor g_e

2.002319304386

 

Free electron gyromagnetic ratio _e

_e = 2 g_{e B} / h

1.7608592·10¹¹ 1/s·T

_e / (2 ) = 28.024944 GHz/T

 

Electron magnetic moment _e

_e = -(1/2) g_{e B}

-9.2847701·10^-24 J/T

 

Proton gyromagnetic ratio (H₂O) _p

2.67515255·10⁸ 1/s·T

_p / (2 ) = 42.576375 MHz/T

 

Proton magnetic moment _p

1.41060761·10^-26 J/T

 

Proton-electron ratios

m_p / m_e = 1836.152701

_e / _p = 658.2106881

_e / _p = 658.2275841 (protons in water)

 

Charge-to-mass ratio for the electron e / m_e

1.75880·10¹¹ C/kg

 

Atomic mass unit amu

1.66054·10^-27 kg

 

Bohr radius a₀

5.29177·10^-11 m

 

Electron radius r_e

2.81792·10^-15 m

 

Gas constant R

R = N_A k_B

8.31451 m²·kg/s²·K·mol

 

Molar volume V_mol

22.41383 m³/kmol

 

Faraday constant F

F = N_A e

9.64846·10⁴ C/mol

 

Proton g factor (Landé factor) g_H

5.585

 

Gravitational constant G

(6.673 +- 0.010)·10^-11 m³/kg·s² 

6.67390·10^-11 m³/kg·s² +- 0.0014 %

(6.6873 +- 0.0094)·10^-11 m³/kg·s²

 

Acceleration due to gravity g

9.80665 m/s²

 

Compton wavelength of the electron _c

_c = h / (m_e c)

2.42631·10^-12 m

 

Further Useful Constants

Atomic energy unit Hartree

1 Hartree = e² / (4 ₀ a₀)

1 Hartree = 2.625501·10⁶ J/mol (approx. 627.5 kcal/mol)

 

Useful Conversion Factors

NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)

Proton Larmor frequency

_p = _p / (2 ) B

_p = 42.5764 MHz/T (H₂O)

 

EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, ESR)

(Note that the use of brackets [ ] in the following expressions is not in accordance with standards which require the use of a slash, e.g. A/MHz.)

Electron Larmor frequency

_e = _e / (2 ) (g / g_e) B

_e [GHz] = 13.9962 g B [T]

g = 0.07144775 _e [GHz] / B [T]

g = 3.04199 _e [GHz] / _p [MHz]

B [T] = 0.0234872 _p [MHz]

 

Conversion of Units

1 G = 0.1 mT

1 T = 10 kG

1 mT = 10 G

A [MHz] = 2.80249 (g / g_e) A [G]

A [MHz] = 28.0249 (g / g_e) A [mT]

A [MHz] = 13.9962 g A [mT]

A [MHz] = 2.99792·10⁴ A [cm^-1]

A [cm^-1] = 0.333564·10^-4 A [MHz]

A [cm^-1] = 4.66863·10^-4 g A [mT]

 

SOME FAMOUS CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

CLICK HERE TO GET DETAILS OF SOME FAMOUS REACTIONS LIKE:
ALDOL CONDENSATION, BENZOINE CONDENSATION, CANNIZARO OXIDATION-REDUCTION, DIELS-ALDER REACTION, FRIEDEL-CRAFTS ALKYLATION AND MANY MORE.

www.organic-chemistry.org/namedreactions/

SOME MEDICAL TERMS:

• The human body can be broken down into a number of systems for example: brain and nervous system, circulatory system, reproductive system, the skin and skeleton. Listed below are the major organs in each system.
• adam's apple. The popular name for the thyroid cartilage The lump seen on the front of the throat of men. It is small and invisible in females.
• abdomen. The lower part of the torso containing the Stomach, intestine, kidneys, liver and reproductive organs.
• adrenal gland. Endocrine gland above kidneys producing adrenaline (a heart stimulant) and other hormones.
• adipose tissue. A form of connective tissue in which the constituent cells are modified to enable them to contain droplets of oil. (Fat).
• alimentary canal.   The food processing tube running from mouth to anus, about 9m long.
• alveolus. Sac in lungs absorbing oxygen from the air into the blood.
• anus. Excretory opening at end of alimentary canal.
• aorta. The largest artery in the human body. It carries blood from the heart to the arms, legs and head.
• artery. Blood vessel taking oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
• bile. secretion of the liver stored in the gall bladder.
• bladder. A sack in the abdomen which collects urine from the kidneys.
• blood. The main circulatory fluid: red and white blood cells transported in plasma.
• bowel. The division of the alimentary canal below the stomach, that is the intestines.
• bones.  A matrix of collagen fibres providing support for other tissues. The hollow centre is filled with marrow, the source of blood cells.
• brain & nervous system.   The nervous system is co-ordinated by the brain. All 13 000 million nerves originate in the brain, form the spinal column and branch off to the organs and tissues they control.
• bronchi. The bronchial tubes (bronchi) are a division of the trachea which branch repeatedly into small bronchioles within the lungs.
• caecum. First part of the large intestine.
• capillary. Very small blood vessel linking arteries and veins.
• cartilage. Soft, protective pad between the joints. Cartilage or cartilaginous tissue covers the ends of the bones where they come together to make a joint. It enables the bones to move easily.
• cardiac muscles. The heart muscles.
• cerebellum. Part of the brain at the back of the head that controls the muscles and postural equilibrium.
• cerebrum. Each of the two halves of the upper brain that occupies the whole of the dome of the cranium.
• colon. Central and major part of the large intestine.
• coronary artery. Artery providing blood for the heart.
• dermis. Living skin tissue containing capillaries, lymph vessels, nerve endings, pores and hair follicles.
• diaphragm. A large transverse muscle at the base of the thorax, used in respiration to draw air into the lungs.
• duodenum. First part of the small intestine.
• endocrine gland. A gland that secretes hormones into the body.
• epidermis. Layers of continually shedded skin cells.
• epithelium. A basic type of tissue. It comprises the external surface of the skin, the internal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems and others.
• fallopian tubes. Two tubes that carry eggs from the ovary to the uterus. Eggs are fertilised in the Fallopian tubes by sperm, and then moved to the uterus.
• follicle. A small group of cells that surrounds and nourishes a structure such as a hair or a cell such as an egg.
• fontanelle. A membrane covered vault in the skull. It normally closes during infancy.
• gall bladder. A small muscular sac attached to the liver.
• ganglion. An enlargment somewhere in the course of a nerve, and containing nerve cells in addition to nerve filaments.
• gastric juice. Clear, colourless fluid secreted by the mucous membrane of the stomach, and is the chief agent in digestion.
• glands. Organs which produce substances (such as blood) for use within the body. Endocrine glands produce secretions at a distance from the tissues which they affect. Exocrine glands carry secretions through ducts to the site where they are required.
• haemoglobin. The protein that carries oxygen in the blood.
• heart. Muscular organ in chest that pumps blood to the lungs, tissues and other organs.
• hormone. A product of the endocrine glands.
• hypothalamus. Part of the brain that controls which regulates rhythmic activity, physiological stability, body temperature and the pituitary gland.
• ileum. Last part of the small intestine.
• intestine. The digestive tract.  The small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and  ileum) and large intestine (caecum, colon and rectum). The intestine breaks up digested food into those molecules required by the body.
• involuntary muscles. Those muscles we cannot control.
• jejenum. Central part of the small intestine.
• joint. A structure where two bones meet.
• jugular vein. Vein returning blood from the head to the heart.
• kidney. Organ which filters waste material from the blood.
• lachrymal gland. Exocrine gland beneath the upper eye lid which secretes tears
• larynx. A cavity at the top of the trachea containing the vocal cords.
• leucocyte. Colourless corpuscles; white blood cells.
• ligament. Fibrous band supporting bones and joints.
• liver. Large gland in the abdomen controlling many chemical processes. A nutrient storehouse.
• lungs. Organs in the thorax through which oxygen is absorbed into the blood and carbon dioxide expelled. The lungs draw about half a litre of air 14-16 times a minute.
• lymphatic system. System of tubes and glands that collect and filter waste fluid from the cells before returning it to the blood system.
• medulla oblongata. Lower part of the brain controlling the heart and lungs.
• muscles. Fibrous organs used to support the skeleton, provide movement or power the body's life support systems.
• nerve. Cord like structure built from a number of neurones along which nerve impulses are conveyed to different parts of the body.
• neurone. Nerve cell, many centimetres long with a microscopic diameter.
• oesophagus. The gullet, a muscular tube propelling food from trachea to stomach.
• organ. General name for any part of the body that has a specific purpose.
• ovary. One of two female reproductive organs. The ovaries house ova, unfertilized female gametes.
• pancreas. Large endocrine gland in the abdomen producing insulin and digestive juices.
• parathyroid glands. Two small glands in the neck concerned with the use of calcium in the body.
• parotid gland. Salivary gland.
• penis. Male reproductive organ.
• placenta. Organ connecting a foetus to the uterine wall. It is the organ by means of which the nutritive, respiratory and excretory functions of the foetus are carried on.
• pineal gland. Gland at the base of the brain controlling melatonin levels.
• pituitary gland. Master endocrine gland at the base of the brain controlling the other endocrine glands.
• plasma. Clear fluid in the circulatory system that transports blood cells.
• rectum. Last part of the the large intestine where waste material is stored prior to excretion.
• reproductive organs.   Those organs used in the production of genetic material (testes and ovaries) or are involved in the reproductive process (penis, vagina, womb).
• saliva. A secretion from the salivary glands in the oral cavity. It contains mucus to lubricate food and enzymes.
• sclerous tissue. The stiffening which is essential for the formation of the general framework of the body. There are two types: cartilage and bone.
• sebaceous glands. Ducts in the skin which secrete oil to lubricate the skin and hair.
• skeleton.   System of bones providing support for the body.  Many of the bones are hinged (jointed) allowing the skeleton to move.
• skeletal muscles. Those muscles that we can control.
• skin. Dermoid Tissue, is composed of two layers, the cuticle, epidermis or epithelium and the corium or dermis.
• spleen. Organ that regulates the number of red blood cells.
• spleen. Organ in abdomen producing white and destroying red blood cells.
• subcutaneous layer. Layer of fatty tissue below the dermis.
• stomach. First part of the digestive tract where food is broken down by powerful acids into smaller components.
• tendon. Fibrous band joining muscle to bone.
• testes. Male reproductive organs that produce spermatozoa, unfertilized male gametes.
• thalamus. Small part of brain, used in mechanism of sensation.
• thorax.   The chest cavity or upper bart of the torso containing the heart, lungs and oesophagus.
• tonsils. A pair of small organs on either side of the root of the tongue that protect the throat from infection.
• trachea. Wind pipe.
• thymus gland. Gland in the chest that disappears in adulthood. It is involved with immunity.
• thyroid gland. Endocrine gland in neck producing thyroxin regulating the metabolism.
• urethra. A canal which that channels urine from the bladder out of the body.
• vagina. Female reproductive organ.
• vein. Blood vessel returning deoxygenated blood to the heart.
• ventricle. Chambers within the heart which force blood along the arteries.
• womb. Female reproductive organ where the foetus gestates (develops). The uterus.
• An adult human is made up from about 45 litres of water, 13 kg of carbon, enough phosphorous for 2200 matches, a spoonful of sulphur and enough iron for a 25 mm nail.
• There are 10 000 million nerves controlled by the brain.  An adult heart beats between 60-80 times a minute pumping 5.5 litres of blood around 10 000 km of blood vessels.  The lungs draw about half a litre of air 14-16 times a minute.  There are about 650 muscles in a human body.  250ml of fluid is lost every day through the feet. The alimentary tract is about 9m long.  An adult skeleton contains 206 bones: 22 in the skull with 27 in each hand, 26 in each foot, 24 ribs, 32 teeth, 27 vertebrae and about 100 joints.
• The amount of energy an adult requires just to stay alive will power a 75 watt light bulb.